The Art of Public Speaking Chapter 17 Building Creditbaility

Stephen Due east. Lucas University of WisconsinMadison

12th EDITION

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Published by McGraw-Hill Teaching, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright 2015 by Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. Printed in the Usa. Previous editions 2012, 2009, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1983. No office of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in whatsoever form or past whatever ways, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for altitude learning.

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Lucas, Stephen, 1946 The art of public speaking / Stephen Eastward. Lucas, Academy of WisconsinMadisonTwelfth edition. pages cm ISBN 978-0-07-352391-0 (paperback) ane. Public speaking. I. Title. PN4129.15.L83 2015 808.51dc23 2014027557

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3

South tephen E. Lucas is Professor of Communication Arts and

Evjue-Bascom Professor in the Humanities at the Univer-

sity of WisconsinMadison. He received his bachelors

degree from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and his

masters and doctorate degrees from Penn Land University.

Professor Lucas has been recognized for his work as both

a scholar and a teacher. His first book, Portents of Rebellion:

Rhetoric and Revolution in Philadelphia, 17651776, received

the Aureate Anniversary Laurels of the National Communication

Association and was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. His major

articles include The Schism in Rhetorical Scholarship (1981),

The Renaissance of American Public Address: Text and Context

in Rhetorical Criticism (1988), The Stylistic Artistry of the December-

laration of Independence (1990), and The Rhetorical Ancestry

of the Declaration of Independence (1998), for which he received

the Golden Anniversary Monograph Award of the National

Communication Association. His most recent volume is Words

of a Century: The Top 100 American Speeches, 19001999

(2009).

Professor Lucas has received a number of pedagogy awards, including the

Chancellors Accolade for Excellence in Teaching at the University of Wisconsin

and the National Communication Associations Donald Ecroyd Honour for

Outstanding Teaching in Higher Education. He is featured in the Educational

Video Groups plan on the history of American public address, and he

appeared on the History Channels documentary on the Proclamation of Inde-

pendence.

Professor Lucas has directed the introductory public speaking course at

the University of WisconsinMadison since 1973. Over the years he has been

responsible for numerous education innovations and has supervised the train-

ing of hundreds of graduate assistants. He has also served every bit a judge for

the major national English-linguistic communication public speaking competitions in Prc,

has lectured at numerous Chinese universities, has conducted workshops

for Chinese instructors on teaching public speaking, and has been instru-

mental in the development of public speaking equally a dedicated class in the

English curriculum of Chinese universities. The Fine art of Public Speaking has been

translated into several languages, including Chinese, Portuguese, Korean,

and Romanian.

Stephen Lucas and his married woman, Patty, live in Madison, Wisconsin, and have two

sons, Jeff and Ryan. His interests include travel, sports, art, and photography.

Near the Writer

iv

Brief Contents New to the Twelfth Edition xxi

SPEAKING AND LISTENING

1 Speaking in Public 2 two Ethics and Public Speaking 28 3 Listening 46 4 Giving Your First Spoken communication 62

Voice communication Training: GETTING STARTED

5 Selecting a Topic and a Purpose 76 six Analyzing the Audience 96 vii Gathering Materials 118 8 Supporting Your Ideas 140

SPEECH PREPARATION: ORGANIZING AND OUTLINING

9 Organizing the Body of the Speech 164 ten Start and Catastrophe the Spoken language 184 11 Outlining the Speech 204

PRESENTING THE SPEECH

12 Using Language 220 13 Commitment 238 14 Using Visual Aids 264

VARIETIES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

15 Speaking to Inform 282 xvi Speaking to Persuade 304 17 Methods of Persuasion 330 18 Speaking on Special Occasions 358 19 Speaking in Pocket-size Groups 370

APPENDIX Speeches for Assay and Discussion A1

Contents A Notation from the Author xvi Instructors Guide to McGraw-Hill Connect xvii New to the Twelfth Edition xxi Acknowledgments xxiv Reviewers; Contributors; Symposium, Focus Group, and

Survey Participants xxv

Office ONE SPEAKING AND LISTENING

Chapter 1 Speaking in Public ii The Power of Public Speaking four

The Tradition of Public Speaking 5

Similarities Betwixt Public Speaking and Chat 6

Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation 8

Developing Conviction: Your Speech Class 9

Nervousness Is Normal nine

Dealing with Nervousness 10

Public Speaking and Critical Thinking xvi

The Speech Communication Procedure eighteen

Speaker xviii

Bulletin 18

Channel xix

Listener nineteen

Feedback twenty

Interference xx

Situation 21

The Speech communication Advice Process: Example with Commentary 22

Public Speaking in a Multicultural World 22

Cultural Diverseness in the Modern World 22

Cultural Variety and Public Speaking 23

Avoiding Ethnocentrism 24

Affiliate two Ideals and Public Speaking 28 The Importance of Ethics thirty

Guidelines for Ethical Speaking 31

Make Certain Your Goals Are Ethically Audio 31

Exist Fully Prepared for Each Oral communication 32

Be Honest in What You Say 33

Avert Name-Calling and Other Forms of Abusive Language 34

Put Ethical Principles into Do 35

Plagiarism 36

Global Plagiarism 37

Patchwork Plagiarism 37

six CONTENTS

Chapter 3 Listening 46 Listening Is Of import 48

Listening and Disquisitional Thinking 49

Four Causes of Poor Listening fifty

Non Concentrating 50

Listening As well Difficult fifty

Jumping to Conclusions 51

Focusing on Delivery and Personal Appearance 52

How to Become a Meliorate Listener 53

Accept Listening Seriously 53

Be an Agile Listener 53

Resist Distractions 54

Dont Be Diverted by Appearance or Delivery 56

Suspend Judgment 56

Focus Your Listening 56

Develop Annotation-Taking Skills 58

Incremental Plagiarism 38

Plagiarism and the Internet 40

Guidelines for Upstanding Listening 41

Exist Courteous and Attentive 41

Avoid Prejudging the Speaker 42

Maintain the Free and Open Expression of Ideas 42

Chapter iv Giving Your First Spoken language 62 Preparing Your Voice communication 64

Developing the Speech 64

Organizing the Speech 66

Delivering Your Speech 68

Speaking Extemporaneously 68

Rehearsing the Speech 69

Presenting the Speech seventy

Sample Speeches with Commentary 71

PART Two Spoken communication PREPARATION: GETTING STARTED

Chapter 5 Selecting a Topic and a Purpose 76 Choosing a Topic 78

Topics You Know a Lot About 78

Topics You Desire to Know More About 79

Brainstorming for Topics 80

Determining the Full general Purpose 82

Determining the Specific Purpose 82

Tips for Formulating the Specific Purpose Argument 84

Questions to Ask Nigh Your Specific Purpose 86

Is the Purpose Relevant to My Audience? 87

Phrasing the Central Idea 89

What Is the Central Idea? 89

Guidelines for the Central Idea xc

CONTENTS vii

Affiliate 7 Gathering Materials 118 Using Your Ain Knowledge and Experience 120

Doing Library Inquiry 120

Librarians 120

The Catalogue 121

Reference Works 121

Newspaper and Periodical Databases 122

Academic Databases 123

Searching the Internet 124

Search Engines 124

Specialized Research Resources 125

Evaluating Internet Documents 127

Affiliate 6 Analyzing the Audience 96 Audience-Centeredness 98

Your Classmates equally an Audition 99

The Psychology of Audiences 100

Demographic Audience Analysis 101

Age 102

Gender 102

Organized religion 103

Sexual Orientation 103

Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background 104

Group Membership 105

Situational Audience Assay 106

Size 106

Concrete Setting 106

Disposition Toward the Topic 107

Disposition Toward the Speaker 108

Disposition Toward the Occasion 109

Getting Data About the Audition 110

Adapting to the Audience 113

Audience Accommodation Earlier the Speech 113

Audience Adaptation During the Spoken language 114

viii CONTENTS

Interviewing 129

Earlier the Interview 130

During the Interview 131

Subsequently the Interview 132

Tips for Doing Research 133

Get-go Early 133

Brand a Preliminary Bibliography 133

Take Notes Efficiently 134

Call back About Your Materials equally You Research 136

PART THREE SPEECH Grooming: ORGANIZING AND OUTLINING

Affiliate 9 Organizing the Body of the Spoken language 164

Organization Is Important 166

Master Points 166

Number of Main Points 168

Strategic Order of Main Points 169

Tips for Preparing Main Points 174

Supporting Materials 175

Connectives 178

Transitions 178

Internal Previews 178

Internal Summaries 179

Signposts 179

Chapter viii Supporting Your Ideas 140 Examples 142

Cursory Examples 143

Extended Examples 143

Hypothetical Examples 144

Tips for Using Examples 144

Statistics 147

Understanding Statistics 148

Tips for Using Statistics 151

Testimony 155

Expert Testimony 155

Peer Testimony 155

Quoting Versus Paraphrasing 156

Tips for Using Testimony 156

Citing Sources Orally 159

Chapter 10 Outset and Catastrophe the Speech 184

The Introduction 186

Get Attention and Interest 186

Reveal the Topic 192

Establish Credibility and Goodwill 192

Preview the Body of the Speech 194

Sample Introduction with Commentary 195

Tips for the Introduction 196

The Conclusion 196

Bespeak the Terminate of the Oral communication 196

Reinforce the Cardinal Thought 198

Sample Conclusion with Commentary 201

Tips for the Conclusion 202

CONTENTS ix

Chapter 11 Outlining the Speech communication 204 The Training Outline 206

Guidelines for the Training Outline 206

Sample Training Outline with Commentary 210

The Speaking Outline 213

Guidelines for the Speaking Outline 214

Sample Speaking Outline with Commentary 216

PART 4 PRESENTING THE SPEECH

Chapter 12 Using Language 220 Meanings of Words 222

Using Language Accurately 223

Using Linguistic communication Clearly 224

Use Familiar Words 224

Choose Concrete Words 225

Eliminate Clutter 226

Using Linguistic communication Vividly 227

Imagery 228

Rhythm 230

Using Linguistic communication Accordingly 232

Appropriateness to the Occasion 233

Appropriateness to the Audience 233

Appropriateness to the Topic 233

Ceremoniousness to the Speaker 234

A Note on Inclusive Linguistic communication 234

10 CONTENTS

Affiliate 13 Delivery 238 What Is Good Delivery? 240

Methods of Delivery 240

Reading from a Manuscript 241

Reciting from Retentivity 241

Speaking Impromptu 241

Speaking Extemporaneously 242

The Speakers Voice 243

Book 244

Pitch 244

Rate 244

Pauses 245

Vocal Variety 245

Pronunciation 246

Articulation 246

Dialect 247

The Speakers Trunk 248

Personal Appearance 248

Movement 249

Gestures 250

Eye Contact 250

Practicing Commitment 251

Answering Audience Questions 252

Preparing for the Question-and-Answer Session 252

Managing the Question-and-Respond Session 253

Presenting Your Speech Online 255

Empathise the Special Nature of the Online Environment 256

Know Your Engineering science 256

Control the Visual Environs 257

Arrange Your Nonverbal Advice 258

Arrange Your Pacing for the Online Environment 259

Manage Q&A for the Online Environment 259

Rehearse for the Online Environment 259

Take a Backup Plan 260

Chapter xiv Using Visual Aids 264 Kinds of Visual Aids 266

Objects and Models 266

Photographs and Drawings 266

Graphs 267

Charts 269

Video 270

The Speaker 270

Presentation Technology 271

Pluses and Minuses of Presentation Technology 271

Planning to Use Presentation Technology 272

Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids 273

Prepare Visual Aids Well in Accelerate 273

Keep Visual Aids Unproblematic 273

Make Sure Visual Aids Are Large Enough 273

Utilize a Limited Amount of Text 273

Apply Fonts Effectively 274

Utilise Color Effectively 275

Utilize Images Strategically 275

Guidelines for Presenting Visual Aids 276

Display Visual Aids Where Listeners Can See Them 276

Avoid Passing Visual Aids Amidst the Audience 277

Display Visual Aids But While Discussing Them 277

Explain Visual Aids Clearly and Concisely 278

Talk to Your Audience, Not to Your Visual Aid 278

Do with Your Visual Aids 279

Check the Room and Equipment 280

CONTENTS xi

Chapter 16 Speaking to Persuade 304 The Importance of Persuasion 306

Ethics and Persuasion 306

The Psychology of Persuasion 307

The Claiming of Persuasive Speaking 307

How Listeners Process Persuasive Messages 308

The Target Audience 310

Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact 311

What Are Questions of Fact? 311

Analyzing Questions of Fact 311

Organizing Speeches on Questions of Fact 312

Role 5 VARIETIES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

Affiliate xv Speaking to Inform 282 Types of Informative Speeches: Analysis and Organisation 284

Speeches Near Objects 284

Speeches Near Processes 286

Speeches Near Events 288

Speeches About Concepts 290

Guidelines for Informative Speaking 292

Dont Overestimate What the Audition Knows 292

Relate the Bailiwick Straight to the Audience 293

Dont Be Likewise Technical 295

Avoid Abstractions 296

Personalize Your Ideas 297

Exist Creative 299

Sample Spoken language with Commentary 299

Chapter 17 Methods of Persuasion 330 Edifice Credibility 332

Factors of Credibility 332

Types of Credibility 333

Enhancing Your Credibility 334

Using Evidence 336

How Bear witness Works: A Case Written report 337

Tips for Using Evidence 338

Reasoning 340

Reasoning from Specific Instances 341

Reasoning from Principle 342

Causal Reasoning 343

Analogical Reasoning 343

Fallacies 344

Appealing to Emotions 348

What Are Emotional Appeals? 349

Generating Emotional Entreatment 350

Ethics and Emotional Appeal 351

Sample Spoken communication with Commentary 352

Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value 313

What Are Questions of Value? 313

Analyzing Questions of Value 313

Organizing Speeches on Questions of Value 314

Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy 315

What Are Questions of Policy? 315

Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy 315

Analyzing Questions of Policy 317

Organizing Speeches on Questions of Policy 319

Problem-Crusade-Solution Gild 320

Sample Speech with Commentary 324

Chapter 18 Speaking on Special Occasions 358

Speeches of Introduction 360

Speeches of Presentation 362

Speeches of Acceptance 364

Commemorative Speeches 364

xii CONTENTS

Chapter 19 Speaking in Pocket-size Groups 370 What Is a Small Grouping? 372

Leadership in Pocket-sized Groups 373

Kinds of Leadership 373

Functions of Leadership 374

Responsibilities in a Modest Grouping 375

Commit Yourself to the Goals of Your Group 375

Fulfill Individual Assignments 376

Avoid Interpersonal Conflicts 377

Encourage Total Participation 377

Keep the Discussion on Rails 378

The Reflective-Thinking Method 379

Ascertain the Problem 379

Clarify the Problem 380

Establish Criteria for Solutions 381

Generate Potential Solutions 382

Select the All-time Solution 383

Presenting the Recommendations of the Group 384

Oral Study 384

Symposium 385

Panel Discussion 385

CONTENTS 13

Appendix Speeches for Analysis and Give-and-take A1

Medical Robots: From Science Fiction to Scientific discipline Fact A2

Ramadan A4

The Danger of Prison cell Phones A5

Phony Pharmaceuticals A7

The Wonderful Earth of Dr. Seuss A9

Elie Wiesel A11

Notes N1

Photo Credits C1

Index I1

SPEECHES

Tap, Tap, Tap (Sample Spoken communication with Commentary) 72

Third-Civilization Kid (Sample Speech with Commentary) 73

Surrounded by Stuff (Sample Introduction with Commentary) 195

Surrounded by Stuff (Sample Conclusion with Commentary) 201

Beneficial Leaner (Sample Preparation Outline with Commentary) 211

Beneficial Bacteria (Sample Speaking Outline with Commentary) 216

Lady Liberty (Sample Speech with Commentary) 300

Irresolute Lives Through the Literacy Network (Sample Spoken communication with Commentary) 324

The Living-Wage Solution (Sample Speech with Commentary) 352

Presenting the National Teacher of the Year Award Barack Obama 363

Accepting the National Teacher of the Year Accolade Rebecca Mieliwocki 364

Make a Wish 367

Medical Robots: From Scientific discipline Fiction to Science Fact A2

Ramadan A4

The Danger of Prison cell Phones A5

Phony Pharmaceuticals A7

The Wonderful World of Dr. Seuss A9

Elie Wiesel A11

SPEECHES Past GENRE

INTRODUCTORY SPEECHES

Tap, Tap, Tap 72

Third-Culture Kid 73

INFORMATIVE SPEECHES

Surrounded by Stuff (Sample Introduction with Commentary) 195

Surrounded by Stuff (Sample Conclusion with Commentary) 201

Beneficial Bacteria (Sample Preparation Outline with Commentary) 211

Beneficial Bacteria (Sample Speaking Outline with Commentary) 216

Lady Liberty (Sample Speech communication with Commentary) 300

Medical Robots: From Science Fiction to Scientific discipline Fact A2

Ramadan A4

14 CONTENTS

CONTENTS fifteen

PERSUASIVE SPEECHES

Changing Lives Through the Literacy Network 324

The Living-Wage Solution 352

The Danger of Jail cell Phones A5

Phony Pharmaceuticals A7

SPEECHES OF PRESENTATION

Presenting the National Teacher of the Year Award Barack Obama 363

SPEECHES OF ACCEPTANCE

Accepting the National Teacher of the Twelvemonth Laurels Rebecca Mieliwocki 364

COMMEMORATIVE SPEECHES

Make a Wish 367

The Wonderful World of Dr. Seuss A9

Elie Wiesel A11

16

W hen I wrote the first edition of The Art of Public Speaking, I could not

have imagined the extraordinary response the book would receive. I am

deeply beholden of the students and teachers who have made it the

leading work on its bailiwick at colleges and universities across the United States

and effectually the world.

In preparing this edition, I have retained what readers have identified as the

main strengths of the book. The Art of Public Speaking is informed by classical

and contemporary theories of rhetoric, but it does not nowadays theory for its own

sake. Keeping a steady heart on the applied skills of public speaking, it offers full

coverage of all major aspects of speech preparation and presentation.

It also follows David Humes communication that 1 who would teach eloquence

must do information technology chiefly past examples. Whenever possible, I accept tried to testify the

principles of public speaking in action in addition to describing them. Thus y'all

will find in the book a large number of narratives, spoken communication excerpts, and full sam-

ple speeches that illustrate the principles of constructive public speaking.

Because the firsthand task facing students is to nowadays speeches in the

classroom, I rely heavily on examples that relate directly to students classroom

needs and experiences. The spoken language classroom, however, is a training ground

where students develop skills that will serve them throughout life. Therefore, I also

include a big number of illustrations drawn from the kinds of speaking experi-

ences students will confront after they graduate from college.

Because speeches are performative acts, students need to exist able to view

speakers in action equally well as read their words on the printed page. The Art of

Public Speaking has an extensive video programme that is available both on DVD

and on Connect, McGraw-Hills innovative online learning platform. The video pro-

gram includes 36 full pupil speeches, plus more than 60 speech excerpts. 10

of the full speeches and xv of the excerpts are new to this edition.

Connect also provides a broad range of education and learning resources in

improver to the oral communication videos. These resource include SmartBook Achieve,

hands-on study tools, critical-thinking exercises, voice communication analysis questions, work-

sheets, assessment forms, and more. Taken together, The Art of Public Speaking

and the digital resources available on Connect provide an interactive public speak-

ing program that meets the needs of students and teachers alike.

The Art of Public Speaking has changed over the years in response to changes

in engineering science, student demographics, and instructional needs. Merely information technology has never

lost sight of the fact that the most of import part of speaking is thinking. The

ability to call back critically is vital to a globe in which personality and image too often

substitute for thought and substance. While helping students become capable,

responsible speakers, The Art of Public Speaking also seeks to assistance them become

capable, responsible thinkers.

A Notation from the Author

xvii

Instructors Guide to McGraw-Hill Connect

When you assign Connect you tin be confidentand accept data to demonstrate that your students, all the same diverse, are acquiring the skills, principles, and disquisitional processes that constitute constructive communication. This leaves you to focus on your highest course expectations.

TAILORED TO YOU. Connect offers on-demand, single sign-on access to learnerswherever they are and whenever they have fourth dimension. With a single, one-time registration, learners receive access to McGraw-Hills trusted content. Learners also accept access to a ii-calendar week courtesy access menses during registration.

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SmartBook Achieve is the kickoff and only adaptive reading and study experience designed to modify the fashion students read and chief fundamental course concepts. As a pupil engages with SmartBook Achieve, the plan creates a personalized learning path by highlighting the most impactful concepts the educatee needs to learn at that moment in fourth dimension. The learning path continuously adapts by deliver- ing only-in-time learning resourcesvideos, animations, and other interactivities catered to each students needs. These rich, dynamic resources assistance students learn the material, retain more knowledge, and become meliorate grades.

SmartBook Reach highlights the key concepts of every chapter, offer stu- dents a high-affect learning experience. Here, highlighted text and an illustra- tion together explain the physical aspects of sound.

xviii

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Mobile-gear up Connect Insight provides at-a-glance analysis on v cardinal insights, bachelor at a moments notice from your tablet device. The first and just ana- lytics tool of its kind, Insight will tell you, in real time, how individual students or sections are doing (or how well your assignments take been received) and so you tin take action early on and go along struggling students from falling backside.

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Source: https://www.aceresearchpaper.com/the-art-of-public-speaking/

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